Отправлено: 25.03.22 17:24. Заголовок: Galliformes and other animals for South America (продолжение)
Hello! I'm back with ideas for some new species for South America. I found in my computer an archive with some ideas for fauna and flora that I had some time ago and decided to show there to ask your opinion about them. The first is about a descendant of the domestic chicken.
Copper jacumitan (Jacumita cuprinus) During the Holocene, the man introduced many species in other continents. The jacumitan is a descendant of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that are introduced in South America. It replaced the birds in the family Cracidae, which are extinct in the Neocene, in some areas. In a matter of fact, the name jacumitan is the junction of the words jacu, the popular name in Brazil for guans of the Genus Penelope, and the tupi word mitã (mitan) that means new, this way the name means “new guan”. The copper jacumitan is the type species of this genus and lives in the savannas and woodlands of Central South America. The copper jacumitan is sexually dysmorphic. The male measure 190 cm, due to the long tail, it has a bright coppery brown upperbody plumage and reddish-brown feathers below. They also have metallic dark green feathers on the tail and wings. Only males have a bright red naked skin on the face, with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. This characteristic is shared by all males of the genus Jacumita. The males of the genus also have crests formed by white feathers with black tips. During courtship and panic moments, they rise the crests. The females have 75 cm of length and are cryptic brown and adapted to camouflage, its naked skin on the face is pale pink and don’t have flesh wattles. The young males are similar to the females until they reach 9 weeks, at this time the wattle begin to develop. Both sexes have long orange colored legs and grey beak. The males have spurs that they use in fights for dominance. The neck is long and slim. Copper jacumitans can fly, but prefer to run from the predators flying only as last resort. These birds are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds, and fruits. Its forage for food by scratching the ground, usually near herbivores this way there is other animals observing for the presence of predators. Often the male sits on a high perch, to serve as a lookout for his group. He sounds an alarm call if predators are nearby. At night it will sleep perched on branches. Copper jacumitans are polygamous; the male will have a harem with 5 to 12 females and will guards the area where his females are nesting, and attack other males that enter his territory. To initiate courting, the males will dance in a circle around or near a female, raising their crests and lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Then, he will vocalize and when she responds to his call, the male will mount her and proceed with the mating. The females make their nest in the ground, laying 6 to 14 red eggs which are incubated for 22 days. Chicks are precocious, leaving the nest shortly they are born. They fledge in about 4 to 5 weeks, and at 13 weeks old are chased out of the group by their mother, at which point the young males start to form a harem and the females join an existing one. Sexual maturity is reached at 6 months and the lifespan of this species is of 13 years, however is common for males to die early due to predation. Other species in the genus Jacumita are:
Golden jacumitan (Jacumita aurea) Living in the forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, the males of this species has 200 cm of length, from beak to tail, while the females have 83 cm. The plumage of the male have a bright golden-yellow plumage in the upperparts, being scarlet in the chest and belly. They have dark metallic green wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Red jacumitan (Jacumita amazonica) Living in the "terra firme" forests of the Amazon , the males of this species has 185 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 70 cm. The plumage of male is bright orange-red in the upperparts, while their chest and belly is yellow. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Andean jacumitan (Jacumita andina) Living in the highland forests in the slopes of the Andes, the males of this species has 170 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 68 cm. The plumage of the males is white in the upperparts and yellowish-red in the belly and chest. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown.
This other one is about a descendant of the californian quail: Common austral grouse (Tetraoinus australis) During the Holocene, the man introduced many exotic species different habitats, the ancestor of the austral grouse was one of these species. Their ancestor was not a true grouse, but the Californian quail, due to evolutionary convergence they acquired characteristics similar to the true grouses of North America. Living in the forests of Southern South America, the male austral grouse are 55 cm long and the female have 44 cm of length. The male have a dark grey body plumage, black-and-white bridled head pattern, black back and a greyish-blue belly. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers that droops forward (long and black in males /short and brown in females) and long forked blackish tail with white undertail coverts. Females and immature birds are mainly greyish-brown with a light-brown belly. Both sexes have a black bill and relatively long grey legs. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. In some regions their main source of food are the seeds of trees of the Genus Araucaria. These birds are not elegant fliers, however they sleep perched in branches. Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. During the courtship, the male austral grouse do displays on a lek, each male have a “personal space”. The males strut around their chose space, doing a display. The display consists of the male posturing himself with the head near the ground. Then, they start to move it from right to left showing their crests, simultaneously they raising the tail feathers, showing their withe undertail coverts. After that, they will raise their heads abruptly and whilst make a highly distinctive mating call. When another male invade the personal space of other, a fight happens, in this case the male will try to take of the crest of the rival, this way they will not be capable to display for the females. The female usually lays approximately 12 spotted eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground. Incubation lasts from 21–25 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching. The male stay with the female until the young leave, with 3 months. The young reach sexual maturity with 1 year, with this age the young males acquire the coloration of an adult male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. In the forests of Tierra del Fuego another species lives, the Black boreal grouse (Tetraoinus nigrus). Their main difference to the other species is that the males have an all-black plumage, with only a faint shade of blue in the chest and brown undertail coverts. The females are similar to that of the common austral grouse. The males have 52 cm and the females 41 cm.
I also have in this archive some names for possible species that I never developed bayond some few facts. Maybe someone could help me make their descriptions.
Any specialist in fishes that could help me organize these ideas?
Maybe, I'm not so good specialist, but I'm skeptical about Arapaima. It is too slowly-growing fish to establish a viable population as an invasive species. Pangasianodon hypophtalmus - it may produce any large pelagic predatory species. In its natural habitat it may become extinct sooner or later - its status is "endangered". Here it is a link about aquaculture of this one: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256544627_Striped_Catfish_Pangasianodon_hypophthalmus_Sauvage_1878_Aquaculture_in_Bangladesh_An_Overview Tilapia? Hmmm, in South America, there are numerous Cichlasoma (sensu lato) and Geophagus (sensu lato) species, that are close to Tilapia in their characteristics. So, the possible success of Tilapia seems to be not so great there. Cichlasoma tetracanthum is known to be able to migrate to salt water, so it is predictable to meet its descendants in water bodies of Central America. Some species of these cichlids are added to "Bestiary" a long time ago: https://sivatherium.narod.ru/enfish.htm#cryptocichla_planicephala_en Oops, that's all. So, you're free to describe some other cichlid fishes. For islands of Caribbean region, the basis of ichthyofauna is thought to be composed of cichlid and live-bearer fishes with the addition of some fishes migrating from sea water (ariid catfishes, for example).
JOrnitho Arapaima sp: honestly, I don't think this fish would surviv, because: 1) It's huge and slow-reproducing, so it wouldn't be good at surviving serions climatic changes. 2) It's niche is already occupied by large characiniforms. Pangasianodon hypophtalmus:I think it can survive, although it's pretty large, beacuce it's omnivore generalist. I don't think it would give large radiation becuse Brasil's rivers already have diverse amount of catfishes, but it's descendants can keep their niche. Tilapia: same as siamese shark catfish. It,s quite adaptive fish that has naturalised in many habitats around the world, but cichlid's niches is already occupied by Geophagus and relatives, so it wouldn't irradiate. Sea cichlids can emerge in Neocene - as I remember, some cichlasomas are already euryhaline, but they live in Mexico, not in Brazil. So, you need to insert it into ecosystem driven by livebearer fishes somehow.
Отправлено: 15.04.24 13:53. Заголовок: Автор пишет: I'..
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I'm skeptical about Arapaima. It is too slowly-growing fish to establish a viable population as an invasive species.
лягушка пишет:
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Arapaima sp: honestly, I don't think this fish would surviv, because: 1) It's huge and slow-reproducing, so it wouldn't be good at surviving serions climatic changes. 2) It's niche is already occupied by large characiniforms.
I see. They are still a matter of concern in some Brazilian rivers, especially the São Francisco, because their presence extirpate local species.
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Pangasianodon hypophtalmus - it may produce any large pelagic predatory species. In its natural habitat it may become extinct sooner or later - its status is "endangered".
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Pangasianodon hypophtalmus:I think it can survive, although it's pretty large, beacuce it's omnivore generalist. I don't think it would give large radiation becuse Brasil's rivers already have diverse amount of catfishes, but it's descendants can keep their niche.
I believe that it would be endemic to the rivers of Northeastern Brazil, the ones crossing the Caatinga biome. Most of the large catfishes living in that region were extirpated and rivers lost several natural species.
I'm searching more invasive species and I found out that the Betta sp. is also present in some areas. Would it be able to survive in marshlands?
Отправлено: 16.04.24 22:36. Заголовок: Another invasive spe..
Another invasive species that maybe could survive is the Peacock bass. It had been introduced in South, Southeastern and Northeastern Brazil. Rivers in these areas are mostly depleted of original fishes. Do you think that their survival is plausible?
A species of Cichla genus? I think, large fish species have lesser chances of survival compared to medium-sized related species. I'd prefer to wait for the success of any medium-sized Cichlasoma or Acara. It is rather easy for them to grow to 1 meter length.
Отправлено: 17.04.24 20:45. Заголовок: Автор пишет: I'..
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I'd prefer to wait for the success of any medium-sized Cichlasoma or Acara. It is rather easy for them to grow to 1 meter length
Then I think that the pearl cichlid (Geophagus brasiliensis) could be the ancestor of most cichlids living in Southeastern South America. It’s common and small, besides being able to live in brackish lagoons. Maybe it could suit as the ancestor of my idea for the Tilapia in the sea. It was introduced in Australia, the Philippines, and Taiwan, was a descendant of it already described for these areas?
I believe that it would be endemic to the rivers of Northeastern Brazil, the ones crossing the Caatinga biome. Most of the large catfishes living in that region were extirpated and rivers lost several natural species.
As I found, wild pangasiodon hypophtalmus was found near Columbian border, not in caatinga region.
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Geophagus brasiliensis
Honestly, I don't think that it would become ancestor of the most cichlid species as there are many other cichlids there. However, I think it definitly would leave descendants, including euryhaline of even marine ones. But what lifestyle have you suggested for them? I think it would live in estuaries, and have a listyle that is typical for cichlids. Maybe we can do someshyng interesting with reproduction?
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was a descendant of it already described for these areas?
Honestly, I don't think that it would become ancestor of the most cichlid species as there are many other cichlids there. However, I think it definitly would leave descendants, including euryhaline of even marine ones. But what lifestyle have you suggested for them? I think it would live in estuaries, and have a listyle that is typical for cichlids. Maybe we can do someshyng interesting with reproduction?
Yes, I was thinking that they could have some species living in estuaries. Another idea was for some inhabiting costal lagoons. After the end of the last galciation, several costal lagoons were formed in the restingas of the Brazilian coast, some being isolated between each other. I believe that new lagoons could appear during the Neocene. I thought that these cichlids could especialize in these areas to some degree, perhaps similar to the cichlids of the African lakes, but in a small scale. What are your ideas about their reproduction?
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