I live in the southeastern USA (North Carolina to be exact) and I have read the article on Neocene Florida. In the present, Florida has a huge problem with invasive species, such as Burmese Pythons, Nile Monitors and Green Iguanas just to name a few. Despite attempts by the state to exterminate these animals, these creatures seem to be doing quite well, even surviving cold snaps and some scientists believe these invasive species are evolving to deal with the climate of Florida (there are many articles on this, I wasn't able to link them). Since Neocene Florida will be much warmer and wetter than it is today and be covered in Mangrove swamps, I think it is within the realm of possibility that these creatures could survive the human epoch, persevere through the ice age and mass extinction and evolve into new forms that would flourish in the warmer ecosystems of Florida 25 million years in the future. Your thoughts? I'm very interested to hear what some people on this forum think about the potential possibilities that these invasive species could have if they were to survive in Neocene Florida.
Hey btw, Have new organisms, but the website won't let me reply or edit my profile, can somebody help?
But yeah here's some of my ideas: New World Pythons: Descendants of Burmese Pythons, they are found across the Gulf of Mexico, from Georgia to Mexico and the Caribbean. This genus consists of creatures of various sizes, with the largest reaching 9 meters.
Halpatta: Descendants of the invasive Nile Monitor that have taken the niche of the now extinct American Alligator.
North American Tegus: Descendants of Tegus, which in the present have expanded deep into the Southeast USA. Due to their ability to withstand colder temperatures, they are very widespread, with many diverse forms and lifestyles.
Carp: Introduced as a big game fish, these large fishes would thrive in Neocene North America, due to the climate and abundance of food. I can definitely see some larger forms evolving in the future.
Snakeheads: Another invasive species, snakeheads are a very successful invasive species and their amphibious lifestyle would be ideal for the mangrove swamps.
Отправлено: 16.05.21 21:26. Заголовок: Автор пишет: We sti..
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We still have skunks and badgers, so don't forget it.
That is true. Now thinking about that, would be plausible if the american badger (Taxidea taxus) leave a bear-like descendant in the Southern areas of North America? I think that if it's possible, this animal could be smaller than modern day bears.
Отправлено: 16.05.21 22:21. Заголовок: JOrnitho пишет: a b..
JOrnitho пишет:
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a bear-like descendant in the Southern areas of North America?
The description of this animal had been added today! It is Taxideima gigantea from Great Plains. The description exists in Russian version only. I hope online translators can help you in reading of this description.
Tomorrow I will go to Moscow until the end of May.
Отправлено: 17.05.21 07:47. Заголовок: JOrnitho I was think..
JOrnitho I was thinking about marsupials in NA and I came up with an interesting idea. Virginia Opossums are somewhat resistant to snake venom. Given that these species are ecologically plastic and could fill a variety of potential niches, I think it could be possible for one to emerge that specializes in killing and eating snakes, similar to the extant mongoose. The only problem I see with this idea is that mongoose are an invasive species in Cuba and could potentially cross a land bridge to NA in the ages before the Neocene. I have come up with several new species, but want to list them in another thread since not all of them are from North America, so briefly here are two of my ideas:
1. The Falx Toothed Cat (Rhomphaiadon Verdugo): A large felid, with 9 cm canines and a mouth full of serrated teeth that specializes in hunting large herbivores. It is convergently similar to the Scimitar toothed cats of the Pleistocene, such as Xenosmilus and Homotherium. It inhabits the forest belt of eastern North America.
2. Marsupial Snake Eaters (Herpedelphis Laurentius): A group of specialized snake and reptile hunters descended from the Virginia Oppossum that inhabits north America.
Отправлено: 18.05.21 16:12. Заголовок: jorzek01 The idea of..
jorzek01 The idea of the marsupial snake eater is interesting. If the mongooses from Cuba would displace these animals from Florida, perhaps these marsupials could have spread to Mexico and is now living there. I had an idea for descendants of the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus). These birds would be large and would have a species living from Florida to Nishe-Nama lake, another living on Mexico and other in Great Antigua.
Marsupial Snake Eaters (Herpedelphis): In the Neocene, the climate is much warmer than today and coupled with the extinction of many mammalian species, has led to the rise of several other groups. In particular, rodents have become extremely successful and this combined with the warmer climate has led to an explosion in number and diversity of pit-viper species, one of their main predators (alongside other predators of rodents). With their venom, most predators avoid American pit-vipers, such as Rattlesnakes. Nevertheless, many species have adapted to this. Mongoose are the most well known snake specialists, but they are absent from most of the New World, aside from Cuba. In addition, venomous snakes from the New World are pit-vipers, with elapids being only represented by the smaller, fossorial coral snakes. The mongoose is more adapted to the venom of old world snakes, such as cobras, and would not have the same type of resistance to the venoms of New World species, such as Rattlesnakes. But this has not stopped the forces of convergent evolution. In North America, opossums, are extremely resistant to the venom of New World pit vipers. Coupled with an abundance of food, some of these marsupials have branched off into their own new genus, Herpedelphis, Marsupial Snake Eaters. In appearance, the Marsupial Snake Eaters resemble their ancestors, with several key adaptations. They are more slender and gracile, with quicker reflexes to dodge snake bites. Most species are far less bulky than their ancestor, with some exceptions (the largest species is about the size of a Badger, while most are Mongoose sized). They are quite agile and capable at running at a decent speed to avoid predators. The tail is still hairless, but the fur on the animal's hide is much thicker, able to absorb blows from the long fangs of pit-vipers. The coloration varies by region, with most being uniform brown, beige or black. A few retain the white heads of their ancestors. These marsupials will attempt to kill their prey by wearing it down from exhaustion before going for the neck to instantly kill their victim. When confronted with danger, the Marsupial Snake Eaters will attempt to flee, but will vigorously defend themselves when cornered. If all else fails they will play dead. Although they specialize in hunting cold blooded prey they will also eat smaller mammals, birds, insects, frogs, salamanders and carrion, as well as supplement their diet with vegetation. Lifespan is about 10 years. Females give birth to up to thirteen joeys, which reside in their mother's pouch for more than two months and strike out on their own after about 6 months.
Отправлено: 21.05.21 03:23. Заголовок: I was working in my ..
I was working in my ideas of birds for Florida and North America. I had these so far:
Marsh Oriole: I already suggested some others orioles in an early post, this one would also be a close related species to these. The Marsh oriole is 24 cm long, with a wingspan of 54 cm. The males are totally black, with the exception of their head, neck and breast that are bright orange. The females and the juvenile are olive-green on the upper parts and yellowish on the breast. All adults have pointed bills and white wing bars. This species is endemic to marshes and damp areas of the Florida Peninsula.
King woodpecker/Great Royal Woodpecker (Magnodryocopus regius): A descendant of the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), this species lives in the forests of North America from the Florida Peninsula to Mishe-Nama lake. The northern populations do short migrations during the winter, flying to southern regions. The king woodpecker is a large bird; it has 65 cm o length and a wingspan of 80 cm. They are sexually dimorphic, the male has red plumage in the crest, head and neck, there is also the presence of a black line through their eyes. The female has a black head and feathers with shade of red in their crests. Both sexes are mostly black with white chests. They also have white primaries and secondaries feathers. Their beaks are long and grey. Young males are similar to the females until they reach sexual maturity with 5 years. Other members of the Genus Magnodryocopus are: Masked royal Woodpecker (Magnodryocopus nigrorostris) Living in the forests of Southern North America (actual Mexico), this bird has 62 cm of length and 77 cm of wingspan. Lesser royal woodpecker (Magnodryocopus minor) Living in the semi-deciduous tropical forests of Great Antigua, this species is the smallest of the Genus with 51 cm of length and 69 cm of wingspan.
JOrnitho Interesting ideas, I really like the idea of the migratory Orioles becoming non-migratory due to the Ice Age. Also, with raptors being hard hit by the extinction at the end of the Holocene, what are some species that you think could take their place? I know that their are a lot of eagle like corvids in Neocene North America, but what other bird families do you think could develop toward carnivory? Anyways, I can tell you put a lot of work into your species and that you have a very good grasp of biology btw, such as developing your own genus rather than just going from species to species.
So I came up with an idea for a large descendent of feral cat populations in eastern NA. My proposed species is a Scimitar-toothed cat, with shorter canines than true sabre-tooths. This beast similar to Dinofelis, Homotherium and Xenosmilus. These cats had shorter sabers that were about half the size of the more famous cats, such as Smilodon (Xenosmilus had 9 cm canines, compared with Smilodon's, which could measure 28 cm). Scimitar toothed cats were very widespread in the Pleistocene and only died out due to the disappearance of the large herbivores they depended on. With the reappearance of such creatures in the Neocene, in particular Peccary descendants, I think its a possibility that one such species could evolve from either feral or bobcat populations and flourish. This species is similar to those prehistoric animals and fills a similar niche. Here is my proposed species:
Verdugo (Rhomphaiadon Verdugo) Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Habitat: North America, forests and prairies from Mexico to Mishe-Nama lake The Verdugo, also known as the Falx-toothed cat, is a species of large predatory feline native to the central and eastern portions of North America. The word Verdugo means "butcher" in Spanish, while the name of genus, Rhomphaiadon, translates roughly to "Rhomphaia tooth". The Rhomphaia, also known as the Falx or Sica, was an ancient sickle shaped weapon used by the Dacians in their wars against the Roman Empire and featured prominently in "Trajan's Column". The name refers to several distinctive traits unique to the species. Like most other sabre-tooths, it has a stocky body, with robust forelimbs, a relatively short tail and an elongated muzzle compared to modern cats. Its canines are long, about 9 cms, which while longer than any living cat are much shorter than true sabre tooths. A unique characteristic of this species is that all of the Verdugo's teeth are serrated, not just the canines and incisors, a trait shared with several other prehistoric cats. The bite force is weak but the neck muscles are extremely robust, allowing the cat to withstanding pressures greater than its bite and deliver a devastating strike. The shorter fangs are less prone to breaking than the longer sabers of other sabre-tooths, such as the Siberian or Nearctic Sabretooth Lynxes. The Falx-tooth is about the size of a Lion. Body is about 2.3 meters long (including tail) and the height at the shoulder is 90 centimeters. Adults males average about 170 kgs, while females are generally smaller. Some exceptionally large specimens are known to exist, including some up to 200 kgs. The coat is tan, yellow or gray with large ocular spots that are brown and tan in color arranged in a tabby pattern, similar to an Oncilla or Ocelet. Individuals from colder climates have lighter colored fur and those from grasslands have less distinctive markings. The Verdugo is a versatile animal that lives in a variety of habitat: forest, wetlands, savannah and scrublands. It is not found in extreme climates, such as deserts, high mountains, dense tropical rainforest and polar regions, and as such has not spread to the western side of the continent, its expansion blocked by the Rocky Mountains and the arid Mexican Plateau. It is not as common in places with less cover and in the prairies of central North America it is found in areas with light forests, meadows or tall grasses. Its expansion into this region is recent, due to the decline of the Sabre-toothed Coyote. Its northern and western range partially overlaps with the Neartic sabretooth. It co-exists with the Balam and Yarahka by filling a different niche: while the Balam and its relatives are generalist hunters, the Verdugo specializes in big game. The Verdugo is a social animal, though not to the same degree as Lions, and groups rarely exceed 6 individuals. A male will have a large range that will include several females and their cubs. While males tolerate the females, they are fiercely territorial toward other adult males and will not tolerate their presence. When males reach maturity, they leave the place of their birth in search of a territory of their own and may migrate hundreds of kilometers before settling down. In contrast, females tend to stay in the same general area. The Verdugo is an ambush predator that specializes in hunting large prey. Its strategy is different than most cats when taking on megafauna: rather than wrestling the prey to the ground, the Verdugo prefers a bite and retreat technique, using its serrated teeth and long fangs to inflict deep wounds before retreating and letting the animal bleed out or weaken from blood loss. In a group, these cats can take on animals many times their weight, including large peccary descendants such as the Oimyanehe. When hunting these slow moving, thick skinned herbivores, the Verdugo will target juveniles, the elderly or those that have wandered off from the herd. If the element of surprise is lost, the cats will surround and attempt to bite the thighs or midsection of the prey. Once weakened, they will overpower the victim and use their teeth to disembowel it. In contrast, when hunting smaller or mid sized animals, the Verdugo will simply overpower the victim and kill it with a bite to the neck or abdomen. To prevent scavengers from taking the kill, the Verdugo will use its serrated teeth to dismember the carcass and transport the parts into its lair, either a den or up a tree. Mating occurs in the spring. Pregnancy lasts about 90 days. The females can give birth to up to 4 cubs. The Verdugo reaches sexual maturity at 3 years of age, when the cubs leave their mother. While Verdugo females typically raise their offspring by themselves, they will occasionally be helped by the father or related females, and it is not uncommon for males to share their kills with one of their mates and her cubs. At maturity, the offspring leave to establish their own territories: females tend to stay close to their original birth place, while males will travel long distances to find a new territory and may be nomadic for years before settling down. While females have an average lifespan of 14 years, males typically live only between 9-11 years and are often killed in fights with other males. With the decline of the Sabre-toothed Coyote, the Verdugo has started to expand its range westward away from the temperate and subtropical forests that it has traditionally thrived in, bringing it into contact with formidable competitors on the great plains of North America. The arrival of the Neartic Sabre-tooth in NA and its expansion further complicates the matter, and it remains to be seen whether the Falx-Tooth can survive these immigrants from Siberia.
jorzek01 I'm happy that you liked my ideas. My good grasp over biology is due to I being a biologist. I plan to specialize in Ornithology. About birds that could become predatory, the great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus), called bem-te-vi in Brazi, can prey upon small vertebrates such lizards and rodents. This bird is very common and can live from South America to the Lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas. I had an idea for this species, which is a descendant from this bird that fills the niche of shrikes (Laniidae), being strict predator of other vertebrates. Its name could be Butcher-kiskadee (Tyrannopitangus venator) and this genus would have species in South America and in North America. The butcher-kiskadee is the type species of the genus. These birds have 47 cm of length and a wingspan of 57 cm. The head is black with white in the sides near the eyes. The upperparts are greenish brown; the throat and breast are rufus. The belly is yellow. The pale grey beak is hooked, similar to the shrikes (Laniidae). Their feet are also pale grey. I think that other group that could have predatory species is the Caprimulgidae. The Neocene already have a species of the family Nyctibiidae, the hawk potoo, that eats vertebrates. Perhaps in North America a descendant of the nighthawks (Chordeiles) became a nocturnal predator, maybe specialized to eat bats, passerines and small nightjars.
Отправлено: 26.05.21 10:31. Заголовок: JOrnitho My good gr..
JOrnitho
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My good grasp over biology is due to I being a biologist. I plan to specialize in Ornithology.
Great! We need such specialists! We had an ornithologist here - and a great one! - but he left the forum for unknown reasons several years ago. I am a biologist as well, but a microbiologist (you may've noticed my species of protozoa, fungi, bacteria and archaea in neocene). But let's not go deeper into offtopic.
Отправлено: 26.05.21 19:27. Заголовок: Биолог I saw some of..
Биолог I saw some of your ideas in the Microorganism page. I liked my classes of microbiology in college, my professor worked as a search studying Trypanosoma cruzi in the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and she had some interesting experiences to share. While I had these classes, I thought about a descendant of the Trypanosoma that would be able to penetrate through the bite of the insect vector, but never developed it.
Back to the topic, another idea for a bird of North America: Carunculated swan (Neocygnus carunculatus) This species lives at rivers, lakes, estuaries and costal lagoons in the temperate regions of North America. The largest population of this bird is located at the Mishe-Nama Lake, which is also the Northernmost point of the distribution of this species. When the winter arrives at the Northern Hemisphere, the carunculated swan migrates to Southeastern and Southern South America, where it stays in freshwater and brackish habitats. The great distance covered by it during the migration is a result of the Ice Age that happened during the end of the Holocene, seeking to flee from the cold, the ancestor of these birds were forced to migrate to low latitudes and reached South America. This migratory habit was passed to it descendants. The main characteristic of the carunculated swan is the pronounced reddish-pink caruncles at the base of the bill present in the males, the females lack this. Both sexes have nude reddish-pink faces, which together with the caruncle become bright red in the males during the mating season. This species have 138–165 cm in length and 185-250 cm in wingspan. The males are larger than the females. Another species in the Genus Neocygnus is the Florida swan (Neocygnus floridanus) is a close relative of the carunculated swan. This bird lives in the freshwater reservoirs of the Florida Peninsula, Cuba and Great Antigua. In comparison to its Northern relative, this species is smaller, with 87-115 cm of length and a wingspan of 155-160 cm. The male is larger than the female, but morphologically they are similar. In both sexes the beak is totally black. A dark red knob can be seen at the bill base, which is similar in colour to the bare skin of the face. Although not migratory, individuals of this species can be seen as vagrants in freshwater habitats in Mexico.
Отправлено: 26.05.21 20:19. Заголовок: JOrnitho a descenda..
JOrnitho
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a descendant of the Trypanosoma that would be able to penetrate through the bite of the insect vector, but never developed it
Why not? Go straight ahead! Making a descendant of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is an excellent idea! But it will require a vector (obviously a descendant of Triatoma "kissing" bug) and a host (obviously some large mammals).
Отправлено: 26.05.21 20:28. Заголовок: Oh, by the way... We..
Oh, by the way... We maintain a catalogue of species proposed by the forum members right here, and your and jorzek01's species and ideas are all there - we do not miss a thing!
Отправлено: 27.05.21 00:58. Заголовок: Биолог JOrnitho A ch..
БиологJOrnitho A chapter detailing the life cycle of this parasite and the animals infected would be interesting idea, since the Chagasparasite can be spread between numerous different species throughout its life cycle. Also, I did want to modify a few things and flesh out some of the ideas posted in order to give better descriptions for my lizard and snake ideas, so I've adjusted some of my earlier descriptions of reptile species. I also modified some deviant art maps of Neocene Earth on my computer in order to show the ranges of my proposed species, but do not know if posting them here would be considered plagiarism, since the original maps are not my work. I can also create range maps for any species proposed by you and anyone else in the forum, since I'm using the climate map.
Отправлено: 27.05.21 10:41. Заголовок: jorzek01 A chapter ..
jorzek01
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A chapter detailing the life cycle of this parasite and the animals infected would be interesting idea
Sure! We already have the Chapter 85 "Secret links" about parasites (only Russian, sorry), but this does not mean a second such chapter is impossible. See my reply to JOrnitho below.
Отправлено: 27.05.21 02:49. Заголовок: This is just a more ..
This is just a more detailed description of a previously described species of mine. Clouded Python (Neopython Nebulus) Order: Squamates Familiy: Pythonidae Habitat: Southeast corner of North America, including Florida, Cuba, Great Antigua and smaller islands One of the most devestating effects of human domination was the introduction of invasive species. Few places on earth were as hard hit as Florida and the southeastern US, which saw many foreign reptile, bird and amphibian species establish themselves to the detriment of native wild life. Perhaps the most infamous of these was the Burmese Python. In the Neocene, this snake has spawned numerous descendants in Neotropical North America and one of these has become a real giant. The Clouded Python is one of the largest snakes in North America and the largest native to the former US, the biggest individuals reaching a length of 9 meters. Females average 6 meters while males are smaller, generally around 5 meters long and much thinner. The pattern of the scales is reminiscent of a clouded leopard, with the spots forming faded ocular patterns. While much longer and heavier than its ancestor, it is less thick bodied, its length-weight ration being more similar to a Reticulated Python. This allows the snake to spend more time on land and even climb trees to some degree, although this species prefers wetlands and the forest floor over the tree tops. The Clouded Python is a versatile animal that is just as at home in the water as it is on land. This species has been found far out at sea and has colonized the islands of the Caribbean, where many populations of Dwarf Pythons exist on the smaller islands. The largest specimens are found in southern Florida and Cuba. Mating occurs in the spring and females lay a clutch of about 40 eggs a few months later. Baby snakes are about 60 centimeters long and can reach 3 meters by about 6 months old. This snake an ambush predator that will feed on any animal it can catch, which include animals up to half its own body weight. Adults have few natural enemies, although juveniles may be eaten by various predators, including large cats, birds of prey, predatory fish, monitor lizards, tegus and other snakes, including members of their own species. Sexual maturity is reached at 5 years and lifespan is up to 30 years. In addition to the type population described above, there are two distinct dwarf populations: 1. Great Antiguan: Smaller their relatives on Cuba and the mainland, females average about 4 meters and rarely exceed 5. 2. Lesser Antillean: Smallest described subspecies, it does not exceed 4 meters in length.
Why not? Go straight ahead! Making a descendant of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is an excellent idea! But it will require a vector
I think that I'll start to work in it. I'm in doubt if this microrganism could have evolved to pass through the vector cycle inside the mouth of the insect or in the intestine, then it would migrate through the hemolymph to reach the mouth.
jorzek01 Do you believe that the Common starling that was introduced in North America could survive in the Neocene? I had an idea about a descendant of this bird migrating to South America in huge flocks.
I'm in doubt if this microrganism could have evolved to pass through the vector cycle inside the mouth of the insect or in the intestine, then it would migrate through the hemolymph to reach the mouth.
It multiplies in the bug's midgut, as CDC states here: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/biology.html So, adaptation to multiple new mammal hosts infected in a sequence would be a good idea! Especially if the parasite changes its life form in each host (motile/nonmotile, dormant/active etc.).
Отправлено: 27.05.21 22:27. Заголовок: I organized my ideas..
I organized my ideas for the species of New World orioles:
American golden oriole (Icterinovus chryseus) The Ice Age that occurred during the transition of Holocene to Neocene forced some species to migrate to southern regions. Certain species, even with the end of the Ice Age, remained in their new localities giving rise to a new genus. The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) was one of these animals, with its descendants becoming the Genus Icterinovus, mostly non-migratory birds that are adapted to live in the ancient wintering regions of their ancestors. The type species of this Genus is the American golden oriole, a species of bird that inhabits the subtropical forests of North America, from the Florida peninsula to Texas. It has 23 cm of length and 30 cm of wingspan, with males being slightly larger than females. This species has sexual dimorphism, with males being bright reddish-orange apart from the wings and tail. The females are yellow-brown on the upper parts with darker wings, and dull yellow on the breast and belly. Adults always have white bars on the wings. The beak of this species is dark grey, long and sharp. The legs are also dark grey. American golden orioles forage in trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects. They acrobatically clamber, hover and hang among foliage as they comb high branches. They also eat berries and nectar. These birds are solitary outside their mating season. The species is monogamous, but extra-pair copulation is relatively common. In the spring, males establish a territory then display to females by singing and chattering while hopping from perch to perch in front of them. Males also give a bow display, bowing with wings lowered and tail fanned. Depending on their receptiveness, the females may ignore these displays or sing and give calls or a wing-quiver display in response. The wing-quiver display involves leaning forward, often with tail partly fanned, and fluttering or quivering slightly lowered wings. The American golden oriole's nest is built by the female. It is a tightly woven pouch located on the end of a branch, consisting of any plant or animal materials available, hanging down on the underside. The trees chosen for the construction of the nest are usually 7 to 9 m. The female lays three to seven eggs. The eggs are bluish white and the incubation period is 12 to 14 days. Once the nestlings hatch, they are fed by regurgitation by both parents and brooded by the female for two weeks. After this the young start to fledge, becoming largely independent shortly thereafter. If the eggs, young, or nest are destroyed, this bird is unable to lay a replacement clutch. The lifespan of the American golden oriole is 10 years. Other species in the genus are:
Black-throated oriole (Icterinovus nigrolaimus) This species lives in the lowland forests of Great Antigua. The male is bright yellow apart from black in the face, throat, wings and tail. The females are yellow-brown on the upper parts with darker wings, and dull yellow on the breast and belly. This species has 20 cm of length and 28 cm of wingspan. The males are slightly large than females. All adults have pointed dark grey bills and white wing bars.
Masked oriole (Icterinovus splendidus) This species lives in the woodlands and forests of North eastern Mexico. The male is bright yellowish orange apart from black plumage around the eyes, wings and tail. The females are yellow-brown on the upper parts with darker wings, and dull orange on the breast and belly. This species has 22 cm of length and 30 cm of wingspan. The males are slightly larger than females. All adults have pointed dark grey bills and white wing bars.
Black-headed oriole (Icterinovus maurocephalus) This species is the only migratory representative of this genus. The breeding habitat of this bird is the semi-open areas with deciduous trees of North America and it winters in the tropical forests of Mexico, with some reaching the forests of Northern South America. The black-headed oriole is 19 cm long, with a wingspan of 29 cm. The males have black feathers in the head, wings and tail, while their chest, belly and back are reddish-orange. The females and the juvenile are olive-green on the upper parts and yellowish on the breast. All adults have pointed dark grey bills and white wing bars.
Marsh Oriole (Icterinovus palustris) This species is endemic to marshes and damp areas of the Florida Peninsula. The Marsh oriole is 24 cm long, with a wingspan of 32 cm. The males are totally black, with the exception of their head, neck and breast that are bright orange. The females and the juvenile are olive-green on the upper parts and yellowish on the breast. All adults have pointed dark grey bills and white wing bars.
Amazonian oriole (Icterinovus flavoventer) Living in the rainforests of Northern South America, this species shows how far some populations of Baltimore oriole reached when fleeing the cold of the Ice Age. Like its Northern relatives, the Amazonian oriole have sexual dimorphism, with the males having bright yellow feathers in the belly and flanks, while the rest of their plumage is black. The females and the juvenile are mostly greyish-brown, with pale yellow on the belly. All adults have pointed dark grey bills and white wing bars.
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