Golden Fenghuang (Fenghuang aurata) In the Holocene, some pheasant’s species are among the most beautiful birds, with males having vivid colors. In the Neocene the pheasants continued with their beautiful colors, an example is the golden fenghuang (fenghuang in mythology is the name of the Chinese phoenix), a descendant of the golden pheasant. Living in the forests of Far East, the male golden fenghuang have a length of 195 cm from the beak to their long tail and the female have 87 cm. The males have a golden erectile crest, which is usually left flat, giving a hammerhead shape to head. During the courtship, the male open their crests like a fan and start to display to the female, standing in front of them with their crest raised and wings outstretched, vocalizing. When raised, the crest displays a remarkable combination of scarlet and yellow. They form leks of close related males. At a lek, the males maintain small territories next to each other. Besides the crest, the males have more colorful plumage in their bodies. Their face, throat, chin, and the sides of neck are orange. The wattles and orbital skin are both yellow in color. The upper back is green and the rest of the back and rump is golden-yellow. The tertiaries are metallic blue whereas the scapulars are metallic red. Their long central tail feathers are reddish golden with black spots. The upper tail coverts are the same color as the central tail feathers. The male also has a scarlet breast, and scarlet and light yellow flanks and underparts. The females have a duller mottled brown plumage all over and their tail is short (50 cm) if compared to the males (100 cm). In both sexes the beaks, legs and feet are a dull yellow. They eat berries, grubs, seeds and invertebrates. The golden fenghuang is polygamous, the male will mate with several females. The nest is a shallow scrape in the ground lined with leaves, sticks and other debris. The female lay 7 to 12 eggs and are incubated only by her for 24-28 days. The chicks are nidifugous and follow the mother around after hatching, staying with the female for two months. The young males are similar to the female until they reach their sexual maturity with six months, at this time they acquire the plumage of the male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. Another species, the Silver fenghuang (Fenghuang argentata) lives in the montane forests near the Himalayas. Their main features of the males are the metallic white crest and white central tail feathers with black spots. The females are similar to the golden species. The males have 120 cm and the females 79 cm.
Red-headed shelduck (Tadorna rubrocephala) The red-headed shelduck is a member of the Genus Tadorna, a descendant of the ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea). This duck lives on the Baikal Lake and Siberia wetlands, in the winter they migrate to the marshes of Southeastern Asian.
The red-headed shelduck grows to a length of 60 cm and has a 124 cm wingspan. The male has white body plumage, a chestnut breast and a bright red neck and head, separated from the neck by a narrow black collar. The rump, flight feathers, tail-coverts and tail feathers are black and there are iridescent green speculum feathers on the inner surfaces of the wings. Both upper and lower wing-coverts are orange-brown, this feature being particularly noticeable in flight but hardly visible when the bird is at rest. The bill is and legs are dark grey. The female is similar but has a pale red head and neck and lacks the black collar, and in both sexes, the color of the head fades as the feathers age.
It is omnivorous and feeds on grasses, the young shoots of plants, grain and water plants as well as both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. On land it grazes on the foliage, in the water it dabbles in the shallows, and at greater depths, it up-ends, but it does not dive.
There is a strong pair bond between the male and female and they pair for life. During the breeding, the birds are very aggressive towards their own kind and towards other species. The female in particular approaches intruders with head lowered and neck outstretched, uttering anger calls. If the intruder stands its ground, the female returns to the male and runs round him, inciting him to attack. He may or may not do so. Mating takes place on the water after a brief courtship ritual involving neck stretching, head dipping and tail rising. The nesting site is often far away from water in a hole, a crevice in a cliff, among sand-dunes or in an animal burrow. The nest is constructed by the female using feathers and down and some grasses.
The female lay 6-12 creamy-white eggs. Incubation is done by the female while the male stands in attendance nearby. The eggs hatch after about 27 days and both parents care for the young, which fledge in a further 53 days. After breeding the adults moult, losing the power of flight for about a month while they do so. Before moulting they move to large water bodies where they can more easily avoid predation while they are flightless. The family may stay together as a group for some time, joining the flocks during the migration. The young reach sexual maturity in their second year, when the males acquire the bright red head and neck of the adults. Their lifespan is of 28 years.
White-headed scoter (Melanitta leucocephala)
A descendant of white-winged scoter, the white-headed scoter breeds in the Baikal Lake and winters in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan, with the entire population of the species forming a large flock during migration.
The white-headed scoter is a large duck; the males have 65 cm of length and the females 58 cm of length, their wingspan is of 135 cm. The males have a black body plumage and a white head. The females and juveniles are brown with pale head patches. Both sexes have bulky shape and large bill, which is yellow with a black knob in the base. Their legs are dark grey.
When in the lake, they eat insects and crustaceans, with the amphipods being the most eat prey. During the winter at the sea, the white-headed scoter eats crustaceans and mollusks. Both in freshwater and in saltwater, they dive in search of their prey.
The males perform a display, the body is low in the water and the head is tilted forward and downward, after chose the female will mimic the male. Pair-bonds are normally renewed each year, with pair-forming behavior beginning on wintering areas. Males leave their mates during early stages of incubation and make extensive flights to their feeding areas in the lake.
The lined nest is built on the ground close to the lake and 6–12 pinkish eggs are laid. The incubation period can range from 25 to 30 days. After about 21 days, neighboring females may start to behave aggressively towards other nesting females, resulting in confusion and mixing of broods. By the time she is done brooding, a female may be tending to as much as 40 offspring due to the mixing from these conflicts. The female will tend to her brood for up to 3 weeks and then abandon them, but the young will usually stay together from another 3 weeks. Flight capacity is thought to be gained at 63 to 77 days of age. The young reach the sexual maturity with 2 years, at this age the young males acquire their characteristic white head.
Отправлено: 14.05.22 23:17. Заголовок: I finished the descr..
I finished the description for the Japanese rodent. I'm in doubt which family they could be part.
Honshu mausu (Mausu tarsipoides) The human actions during the Holocene caused the decline of many species. However some species survived and in the Neocene they gave rise to new species. One of these new species is the Honshu mausu. The word mausu is used in Japan for rats. This small rodent is the type species of the Genus Mausu and inhabits the temperate forests and woodlands of Honshu Island. During winter, these animals hibernate, a trait shared by all members of this Genus. The Honshu mausu has 11 cm of length and a semi-prehensile tail of 13 cm. Their fur is short and dense with a brown coloration with a prominent mid-dorsal dark brown stripe, and their underside is cream. Their tails are furless and scally and are used by them to help move through the branches of trees. Their small furred ears are well-rounded and their rostrums are elongated. They have a relatively long tongue, which is used to collect nectar and pollen. These rodents are opportunistic omnivores with nocturnal habits. Their diet changes according to the disponibility of food during the change of the seasons. During spring, these animals feed mostly on nectar and pollen. In the summer, insects become the most consumed item. During the autumn, they start to eat fruits and seeds. When the winter arrives, the mausu will need to have accumulated enough fat to survive the hibernation. During most of the year, these rodents are solitary, with only mothers and pups being seen together. The males and females only meet during the breeding season, which starts two weeks after they wake up from hibernation. The female has a gestation of 20 days and females can remate while still feeding the previous litter. A litter of young is born in a nesting chamber in a hollow tree lined with dry plant material and consists of two to eleven altricial young born naked, blind and helpless. The eyes of the young open after two weeks and their dorsal stripes are visible by then as pale gray. They are weaned at about eighteen days old. If they are born early in the year, they may start breeding in the same year, but most of the young become sexually mature in the following spring. Even those that are old enough to leave their mother, will usually stay close to the territory that she is using. Before the middle of the autumn, the female will have at least three litters. During hibernation, they will make nests inside hollowed trees. Usually, females will use the same one that she used to give birth to her litter. Sexual mature males hibernate in groups of three and four males, while the females hibernate with their pups of the litters of the year that didn’t leave her territory or that didn't start to breed. This strategy helps them to stay warmer while they hibernate. The lifespan of this species is 3 years. The genus Mausu has another representative, the Shikoku mausu (Mausu rufus), which lives on the island of the same name. They have 9 cm of length, with a tail of 10 cm. This small mammal has reddish brown fur with a golden-brown lower part.
Отправлено: 15.05.22 12:21. Заголовок: JOrnitho Good one! ..
JOrnitho Good one! By the way, it would be reasonable to give systematics of proposed species, at the level of order and family (for all kingdoms of organisms), as can be seen elsewhere throughout the project.
Отправлено: 23.05.22 14:33. Заголовок: I was thinking in so..
I was thinking in some other species for Japan, this time a descendant of the introduced coypu or of the muskrat that could be an analogue to the beavers. I also was thinking if the Indian peafowl could have survived in one of the areas where it was introduced, such as in Japan or the Adaman Islands. Or even in the continent.
Отправлено: 23.05.22 16:39. Заголовок: JOrnitho I think nu..
JOrnitho I think nutrias (Myocastor) and muskrats (Ondatra) have a good chance to survive. But peacocks are too few in numbers and lack proper niches, so their survival to neocene is questionable.
Отправлено: 23.05.22 19:30. Заголовок: Ok! I didn’t saw in ..
Ok! I didn’t saw in the English bestiary, so I didn’t know that it existed. By the way, is there any descriptions of species living in the Andaman and Nicobar islands? I had some ideas.
Отправлено: 25.06.22 04:30. Заголовок: I found this descrip..
I found this description of parrots for Asia that I made sometime ago.
Blue-throated parrot (Paramazona cyanoguttur) Through the history of evolution, many species developed analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in their last common ancestor; this occurrence is named convergent evolution. In the Neocene, the blue-throated parrot is a case this. They are birds of the Genus Paramazona, descendants of Loriculus parrots, which through convergent evolution acquired physical characteristics similar to that of the modern Genus Amazona. This new species lives in the tropical forests of Indian subcontinent. The blue-throated parrot has 35 cm of length and 84 cm of wingspan. They have large heads, broad and rounded wings. The tail is short, rounded or square. The beak is robust and the area around the eye is devoid of feathers. Most of the body is covered with green plumage, however the male have vivid blue feathers in the throat and red in the mantle and rump, while the females have faint shades of blue in their throat and lacks the red rump. Immature birds have a duller rump and lack the throat patch. Like their Loriculus ancestors, they are capable to sleep upside down. It is a gregarious species, continuously chattering with a range of whistling and squawking calls. They eat fruits, seeds, flowers, nuts and leaves. It roosts communally in trees, and large numbers can be seen at the roost sites at dawn and dusk. Blue-throated parrots nest in holes in trees, usually laying three to four white eggs. The eggs are incubated by the female, starting after the second egg has been laid, for about 27 to 28 days. Newly hatched chicks have a sparse white down and they do not open their eyes until about two to three weeks after hatching. They are dependent on the female for food and warmth who remains in the nest most of the time until about four weeks after hatching when the chicks have enough feathers for heat insulation. During this time the male brings food for the female and chicks, and guards the nest site. From about two to four weeks after hatching the female also begins to collect food for the chicks. The chicks fly out of the nest at about 9 weeks and they become independent from their parents at about 12 weeks after hatching They reaches sexual maturity with 5 years, when the young male acquire adult colors. A monogamous species, the pair will mate for life. The lifespan of this species is of 35 years. Other members of the Genus Paramazona are: Himalayan parrot (Paramazona himalayana) The smallest member of the Genus, with only 28 cm of length. The male Himalayan parrot has bright blue feathers in their cheeks and a bright red plumage in their rump and mantle. The female lacks the red plumage and their face is faint blue. They live in the forests at the foothills of the Himalaya and descend to the valleys in winter. Blue-chested parrot (Paramazona cyanopectus) With 38 cm, this species is the largest of the Genus. The male has a characteristic bright blue plumage in the chest, which is absent in females. Both sexes have the predominance of green feathers, there is also the presence of red rumps, but in the female the color is duller. The blue-chested parrot lives in the forests of South-Eastern Asia. Blue-diademed parrot (Paramazona diademata) This species is endemic to the tropical forests of Borneo. With 30 cm of length, the male has a distinctive blue circle in his head, which is absent in the female. Both sexes are mostly green with an orange colored rump, which is duller in the female. Red-winged parrot (Paramazona sundaica) Living in the Jakarta Coast, this bird has 36 cm of length. They have a bright red plumage in their rump, mantle and wings. In the female the red plumage is dull. The rest of their bodies is green, but the male has blue plumage in their forehead. Green-bellied parrot (Paramazona meganesiana) Living in the tropical forests of Northern Meganesia, this species is very similar in size (36 cm) and color to the red-winged parrot, the difference is that the males of the green-bellied parrot don’t have the blue plumage in their forehead.
Отправлено: 09.01.25 13:49. Заголовок: Another description ..
Another description that I made:
Broad-billed martin (Sinoriparia eurytoramphus) Order: Passeriformes Family:Hirundinidae Habitat: Grasslands and savannas of the Far East that have rivers with sand banks where nests can be built, wintering in wetlands of South-Eastern Asia. During the Holocene, humans caused severe damage to the environment. This resulted in the extinction of many species. Those that survived this Anthropogenic onslaught continue the evolutionary process, with their descendants appearing in the Neocene. Among these new species is the broad-billed swallow, a descendant of the grey-throated martin (Riparia chinensis). This species inhabits grasslands and savannas of the Far East that have rivers with sand banks where nests can be built. Migratory, they winter in South-Eastern Asia. Broad-billed martin gather in communal roosts during the beginning of autumn. They migrate during mid-autumn, using areas with reed-beds for the night-time roost. They'll roost with other species of swallows. The broad-billed swallow is 18 cm long, with a wingspan of 36–39 cm and a weight averaging 20 g. Their plumage is black above, white below with a pale grey band on the breast. The bill is broad and bright yellow, with a black tip, the legs are brown. Their mouth is wider than that of other species of swallow. The tail is fan-shaped with white tips. The young are pale grey with rufous tips to the coverts and margins to the secondaries. Like all swallows, the broad-billed martin feeds on insects, which are caught on wing. They are specialized in hunting beetles and other insects with hard exoskeleton. Their strong bills crush the prey before they eat it. The male broad-billed martin returns to the breeding grounds before the females and selects a nest site in a sandbank, which is then advertised to females with a circling flight and song. They are sociable in their nesting habits with a dozen to many hundred pairs nesting close together, according to available space. The nests are at the end of tunnels ranging from a few inches to three or four feet in length, bored in sand or gravel. The actual nest is a litter of straw and feathers in a chamber at the end of the burrow, which soon becomes a hotbed of parasites. Four or five white eggs are laid about mid-late May, and a second brood is usual in all but the most northerly breeding sites. Once established, pairs stay together to breed for life, but extra-pair copulation is common, making this species genetically polygamous, despite being socially monogamous. Males guard females actively to avoid being cuckolded. Males may use deceptive alarm calls to disrupt extra pair copulation attempts toward their mates. The incubation period is normally 14–19 days, with another 18–23 days before the altricial chicks fledge. The fledged young stay with, and are fed by, the parents for about a week after leaving the nest. Occasionally, first-year birds from the first brood will assist in feeding the second brood. Compared to those from early broods, juvenile broad-billed martin from late broods migrate at a younger age, fuel less efficiently during migration and have lower return rates the following year. Sexual maturity is reached with 6 month and have a lifespan of 8 years.
Отправлено: 08.03.25 03:18. Заголовок: I made relative of t..
I made relative of the yeti for India, also based in a cryptid:
Mande barung (Yeti shillongensis) Order: Primata Family: Parapongidae Habitat: Mountain forests of the Shillong Plateau and of the mountains of Northeastern Hindustan, reaching forests at slopes of the outlying subrange of the Greater Himalayan mountain system. Due to human actions, the great apes became extinct during the Holocene. With the arrival of the Neocene, the niche left by them in Asia was partially occupied by the family Parapongidae. This family of large primates descended from the genus Macaca. One of its representatives is the mande barung. Being part of the genus Yeti, this species is a close relative of the yeti, almas and yeren. In Indian folklore, the Mande Burung is an alleged ape-like creature said to inhabit the Meghalaya subtropical forests in the remote Garo Hills of Northeast India. This species inhabits the Mountain forests of the Shillong Plateau and the mountains of Northeastern Hindustan, reaching forests at slopes of the outlying subrange of the Greater Himalayan mountain system. The populations living close to the Himalaya descend from the slopes to valleys during winter. The mande barung is one of the largest members of the genus Yeti, with a full grown male standing 200 cm tall and weighing 100 kg. The female is more modest, with 180 cm and a weight of 90 kg. The males have mostly black fur with long silvery gray strands around their back, which have a mantle like appearance. Their face is bright red with bright orange around the eyes. The females are dark brown, lacking the long silvery gray strands at their backs. Their face is pale pink with dull yellow around the eyes. The young have a similar color to that of females, with males getting the adult appearance when reaching 5 years old. SInce this species don’t live in high altitudes such as the yeti, but in subtropical and semi-deciduous forests, the mande barung still preserved some of the ability to climb on trees. However, full grown males rarely can climb due to being too heavy. They have long arms and short legs, moving mostly in a quadrupedal stance. Occasionally, they can stand on their legs, usually doing that during intimidating displays, which are made by shaking trees, pulling down branches and throwing them and rocks at the threat. The mande barung is omnivorous, but with a preference for vegetables. Diet varies seasonally. Leaves and pith are commonly eaten, but fruits can make up as much as 25% of their diets. When fruit is less available, mande barungs must travel farther each day through their territory. They will also eat insects, preferably ants, using tools to reach them. This species is social, living in groups of 10 to 15 individuals with a patriarchal organization. In these groups there is one dominant male, two subdominant males and the females with their infants. They do not produce many offspring due to the fact that they do not reach sexual maturity until the age of 8 or 9. Female mande barung give birth to one infant after a gestation period of nearly ten months. Unlike their powerful parents, newborns are small and dependent, but are able to cling tightly to their mothers' fur. These infants ride on their mothers' backs from the age of four months through the first two or three years of their lives. Infants can be dependent on their mother for up to five years. During this period, they will learn everything that is necessary for them to survive. They will watch their mother making nests, searching for food and avoiding predators. Adolescent males stay separated from the main group, uniting in a “satellite” group that exists at the periphery. With time, the males depart in search of new groups for them to take over by expelling the dominant male or to find females that will follow them to form a new group. In cases of a dominant male being deposed, infanticide will happen soon after. The lifespan of this species is 45 years.
Отправлено: 13.04.25 16:53. Заголовок: I made the descripti..
I made the description for a bovid in Asia:
Kting voar (Amplicapra melagocera) Order:Artiodactyla Family:Bovidae Habitat: Lowland and montane forests of Southeast Asia and Malay Peninsula. During the entire Holocene, the introduction of animals by humans in habitats that weren’t their own was a common practice. With the disappearance of man, some of these introduced species survived and continued evolving, with their descendants appearing in the Neocene. One of the most successful of them was the domestic goat, which had many descendants in different continents. In the lowlands and montane forests of Southeast Asia and Malay Peninsula lives the Kting Voar, one of the descendants of the goat. This species shares its name with a mythological animal, described as a snake-eating cow, reputed to exist in Cambodia and Vietnam. A pair of horns was used to describe a similar animal in the Holocene with the name Pseudonovibos spiralis, but is now invalid, since the holotype for the species was identified as a modified domesticated cow. The Kting Voar is a large bovid with a similar appearance to that of a Tragelaphini antelope. The adult male can reach between 130 to 150 cm at the shoulder and have a length of 215 to 305 cm, including a tail of 45–65 cm. The females stand up to 110 cm to 140 cm at the shoulder and her length is 210 to 300 cm. Females weigh around 150–235 kg, while males weigh about 220–405 kg. Their sexual dimorphism isn’t only in their size and weight. Mature males have a dark brown, nearly black fur in their upperparts with white spots at the sides. They exhibit a small white chevron which runs between the eyes. The belly and legs are light yellowish-brown. The bulls also have beards running along their throats, and large horns with two and a half twists. Such horns have a length between 120 to 185 cm if straightened. Females and young individuals are hornless and have deep chestnut fur in their upperparts with white spots at the sides and light yellowish brown in the lower parts. In both sexes, the white spots are used as camouflage in the fshade of the forests. Females and youngs also have a small white chevron running between the eyes. Individuals of montane forests have a denser fur than those living in lowlands. The horns do not begin to grow until the male is between the ages of 6–12 months. The horns form the first spiral rotation at around 2 years of age, and do not reach the full two and a half rotations until they are 6 years old. Occasionally they may even have 3 full turns. This species is diurnal, being active mainly during the day. The Kting Voar feeding peaks occur at dawn, in the morning, in the afternoon and during the evening. They are browsers, primarily eating leaves, twigs, and other parts of woody plants. However, they can also eat grasses. The Kting Voar is a social species, forming herds. Females and juveniles do not interact appreciably with males, except during the mating season. Groups are generally small, with ten or fewer individuals, though groups of 20 to 70 individuals can occur at times. Two distinct groupings are formed: five or ten females with young calves, led by an older female; and teenage male groups with two to 10 members. Mature males are solitary. They reach sexual maturity between ages 1 to 3. The mating season occurs at the end of the rainy season, which can fluctuate slightly according to the region and climate. Before mating, there is a courtship ritual which consists of the male standing in front of the female and often engaging in a neck wrestle. The male then trails the female while issuing a low pitched call until the female allows him to copulate with her.If a rival male appears, they do a dispute clashing horns. Gestation takes around 240 days. Calving generally starts in late summer. Kting Voar tend to bear one calf, although occasionally there may be two. The pregnant female will leave her group to give birth. Once she gives birth, the newborn is hidden in vegetation for about 4 to 5 weeks. After 4 or 5 weeks, the offspring will accompany its mother for short periods of time; then by 3 to 4 months of age, it will accompany her at all times. By the time it is 6 months old, it is quite independent of its mother. In terms of maturity, female Kting Voar reach sexual maturity at 15–21 months. Males reach maturity at 21–24 months. They have a lifespan of 9 to 12 years.
Отправлено: 18.10.25 17:49. Заголовок: What happened with t..
What happened with the Tigris–Euphrates river system? Since humans disappeared, would the Mesopotamian marshes that existed in the alluvial plains of the two rivers recover? The Central marshes, the most affected by the draining and the ones that are suffering with increase of salinity, could become a series of salt lakes that attract flamingos that nest there. These lakes could have higher salinity during dry season, which decreased during the rainy period. The other two marshes are Hammar and Hawizeh and they have a better recovery nowadays. They could have become a center of biodiversity in the region, with endemic species living there. I have some ideas for species from these ecosystems. One is a large descendant of the desert monitor (Varanus griseus), which would be aquatic like a crocodile, but have venom. The desert monitor can swim well and is venomous. It would be named Afa, like the cryptid that was reported to live in the region and was a giant venomous lizard. Other species would be an otter-like descendant of the small indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata), a Mesopotamian ostrich that evolved from the lineage of the one-toed ostrich (Unistruthio velox) would visit these marshes, migratory birds coming from Siberia could stop there, an aquatic descendant of the hyrax from the flathorn lineage could also live here and this place could be visited by herds of carcadann from time to time.
Отправлено: 18.10.25 17:57. Заголовок: Persian Ridge is the..
Persian Ridge is there in Neocene, the result of collision of Arabia and Eurasia, instead of Persian Gulf. So, the river systems of that region changed considerably since our time, and the Tigris–Euphrates river system had not preserved in its modern condition.
Отправлено: 18.10.25 19:27. Заголовок: Автор пишет: Persia..
Автор пишет:
цитата:
Persian Ridge is there in Neocene, the result of collision of Arabia and Eurasia, instead of Persian Gulf. So, the river systems of that region changed considerably since our time, and the Tigris–Euphrates river system had not preserved in its modern condition.
I found the Neocene biome map and it shows that. It seems that the rivers flow south from the ridges that were the Anatolian highlands and meet in what was Southern Iraq before reaching what once was the Persian gulf, by the map it looks like an inner sea like the Caspian sea. Was this region described before? Could a small wetland form in the meeting of the two rivers or at the delta when they drain in the Persian Lake (remnant of the Persian gulf)?
Отправлено: 30.10.25 03:10. Заголовок: I made the descripti..
I made the description of a primate for the Jakarta Peninsula.
Orang pendek (Yeti pygmaeus) Order: Primates Family: Parapongidae Habitat: Jakarta Coast Peninsula, lowland and montane tropical rainforests. The apes had perished during the transition between the Holocene and Neocene, with new species evolving to fill their niches. Among them are the representatives of the family Parapongidae, large primates that inhabit Asia. Members of this family are the huge Kong, the largest primate that ever lived, and the members of genus Yeti. While being composed of several large species, not all members of this genus are giants. The Orang pendek, an inhabitant of lowland and montane tropical rainforests of Jakarta Coast Peninsula, is basically a dwarf among its large relatives. It’s also the most basal member of the genus, still being capable of moving through trees with agility. The name Orang Pendek, which means short person in Indonesian, was shared by a creature from Indonesian Folklore, which was said to inhabit the montane forests of Sumatra. The orang pendek is the smallest member of the genus, with males measuring 110-150 cm tall (weighing up to 60 Kg) while females are 80-105 cm tall (weighing up to 30 Kg). The face is bare, being red in males and pink in females. They are covered in reddish brown fur, with males having long strands of fur in the sides of the back that are bright orange and darken to maroon with age. The arms are longer than the legs and their feet still retain characteristics that allow them to climb on trees, with the big toe being long. This allows them to grasp branches. Fruit is the most important component of the orang pendek's diet, but they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, snails, insects and bird eggs. Orang pendek’s groups will occasionally follow the large kongs, usually by travelling through the tree. They know that these large primates can bring down trees, revealing insects hiding inside the wood. They also make tools to collect termites and ants. Occasionally, they can hunt large squirrels and smaller monkeys. Such hunts are made where the forest canopy is interrupted or irregular. This allows them to easily corner the prey when chasing them in the appropriate direction. These primates can also hunt as a coordinated team, with this strategy being used to corner their prey in a continuous canopy. During an arboreal hunt, each orang pendek in the hunting groups has a role. There are those that serve to keep the prey running in a certain direction and follow them without attempting to make a catch. There are individuals stationed at the bottom of the trees and climb up to block prey that takes off in a different direction. Then, there are individuals that hide and rush out when a prey nears. When caught and killed, the meal is distributed to all hunting party members and even bystanders. Orang-pendeks live in patriarchal groups formed by 15-20 individuals. These groups are led by one dominant male and are composed of 3-4 subordinate males and the remaining members being females and their young. The group hunts are made mostly by males, with females hunting more solitarily. Subordinate males are teenage sons of the dominant male and act as sentries when the group is foraging. Dominant males protect their group from danger. Young males begin to leave their parental group when they reach maturity, and will then attempt to attract females to form their own group or usurp one of another male. If a group is usurped, the new dominant male will kill the offspring of his predecessor. The dominant male determines the movements of the group, leading it to appropriate feeding sites throughout the year. He also mediates conflicts within the group and protects it from external threats, with him protecting them, even at the cost of his own life. Young orang-pendeks frequently stay close to him and include him in their games. If a mother dies or leaves the group, the dominant male is usually the one who looks after her abandoned offspring, even allowing them to sleep in his nest. The gestation lasts for 8 months. Newborn orang pendeks are helpless, with their grasping reflex not being strong enough to support them for more than a few seconds. For their first 30 days, infants cling to their mother's bellies. Infants are unable to support their own weight for their first two months and need their mothers' support. When they reach five to six months, infants ride on their mothers' backs. When they reach two years of age, they are able to move and sit independently and start moving beyond the arms' reach of their mothers. By 6 years, orang pendeks reach sexual maturity. Females start to leave the group at this age, but young males remain until having 9 years. This species has a lifespan of 25 years.
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